Zusammenfassung
Im Folgenden werden die wichtigsten neuen Erkenntnisse zur Prävention und Behandlung
des Schlaganfalls aus den Jahren 2004 und 2005 referiert. In der Primärprävention
reduzierte Azetylsalizylsäure in der Womens' Health Study das Schlaganfallrisiko,
nicht jedoch das Risiko für einen Myokardinfarkt. Angesichts des Risikos für gastrointestinale
und intrazerebrale Blutungen sollte Azetylsalizylsäure dennoch nur bei Hochrisikopatienten
in der Primärprävention eingesetzt werden. Ein maximales Schlaganfallrisiko nach transitorischer
ischämischer Attacke konnte nun auch in zwei bevölkerungsbasierten Studien innerhalb
der ersten 2 bzw. 7 Tage nach dem Ereignis nachgewiesen werden, was eine stationäre
Aufnahme und Überwachung rechtfertigt. MR-basierte Akutstudien sowohl mit rekombinantem
Gewebeplasminogenaktivator (rtPA) als auch mit einem neuen Thrombolytikum zeigen auch
jenseits des 3-Stunden-Zeitfensters nach Schlaganfall eine vergleichbare Sicherheit
und Effektivität wie mit den etablierten Zulassungskriterien von rtPA. Eine Oberkörperhochlagerung
bei Verschluss der A. cerebri media verschlechtert in der Frühphase die zerebrale
Perfusion, sodass eine flache Lagerung vorzuziehen ist. In der Sekundärprophylaxe
wird bei Patienten mit einem Reinsultrisiko > 4 %/Jahr eine Kombinationstherapie mit
Azetylsalizylsäure und Dipyridamol oder Monotherapie mit Clopidogrel empfohlen. Patienten
mit symptomatischen intrakraniellen Stenosen profitieren nicht von einer oralen Antikoagulation.
Bei intrazerebraler Blutung konnte in einer großen randomisierten Studie kein Vorteil
einer operativen Hämatomausräumung nachgewiesen werden. Für die Stroke-Unit-Behandlung
erfolgt ab 2006 über neue Fallgruppen (DRGs) eine bessere Vergütung durch deutlich
höhere Relativgewichte.
Abstract
This overview summarizes the latest results and developments from stroke prevention
and acute treatment studies published in 2004 and 2005. In the Womens' Health Study,
aspirin was shown to significantly reduce the risk for first stroke but not myocardial
infarction. However, as primary preventive strategy, aspirin should only be given
to high-risk patients in view of the risk for gastrointestinal and intracerebral bleedings.
Two population-based studies could demonstrate a very high risk for stroke within
the first 2 (7) days following transient ischemic attack which justifies hospital
admission and stroke unit treatment. MR-based acute stroke studies with recombinant
tissue plaminogen activator (rtPA) as well as a new thrombolytic agent could show
a similar safety and efficacy beyond the three hour time window compared to the established
inclusion criteria of rtPA. Head of the bed elevated at 30 degrees decreases cerebral
blood flow velocity in patients with acute middle cerebral artery occlusion who therefore
may benefit from lower head-of-the-bed positions to promote residual blood flow to
ischemic brain tissue. For secondary prevention in patients with a recurrent stroke
risk > 4 %/year, a combination of aspirin and dipyridamole or clopidogrel is recommended.
Patients with symptomatic intracranial stenosis do not profit from oral anticoagulation.
A large randomised study in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage failed to demonstrate
any benefit for operative evacuation of hematoma. Starting in 2006, new diagnosis
related groups (DRGs) with increased relative cost weights will provide higher proceeds
for stroke unit treatment in Germany.
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Prof. Dr. Hans-Christoph DienerFAHA, FAAN
PD Dr. Christian Weimar
Universitätsklinik für Neurologie · Universität Duisburg-Essen
Hufelandstraße 55
45122 Essen
Email: h.diener@uni-essen.de